Other Legal Options for Minority Shareholders

Litigation under Bilateral Investment Treaties

Russia has entered into Bilateral Investment Treaties ("BITs") with 48 countries, 28 of which have been ratified and are in full effect. The treaties are similar in content and, in general, provide for the fair and equitable treatment of investments in signatory countries ("Contracting Parties"), and prohibit nationalization or expropriation - or measures having the effect of nationalization or expropriation - without compensation. Read more »

Litigation under Energy Charter Treaty

The Energy Charter Treaty is a multilateral treaty completed in 1994 and signed by 51 States, including Russia, and ratified so far by 46 States. It offers similar protection for investors against expropriation without compensation. Read more »